Wed, 16 Dec 2015 02:57:52 +0000

鏈€杩戝湪Quora涓婄湅鍒颁竴涓棶绛旈鐩紝鍏充簬鍦ㄩ珮鏁堢巼Linux鐢ㄦ埛鑺傜渷鏃堕棿Tips銆傚皢璇ラ鐩殑鍥炵瓟杩涜瀛︿範鎬荤粨锛屽姞涓婅嚜宸辩殑涓€浜涚粡楠岋紝璁板綍濡備笅锛屾柟渚胯嚜宸卞拰澶у鍙傝€冦€侟/p>

涓嬮潰浠嬬粛鐨勯兘鏄竴浜涘懡浠よ宸ュ叿锛岃繖浜涘伐鍏峰湪鍑犱綅鍥炵瓟鑰呯殑鏃ュ父宸ヤ綔涓兘寰堟湁鐢ㄣ€傚浜庝换浣曚笉浜嗚В鐨勫懡浠わ紝璇蜂娇鐢ㄢ€渕an 鈥滄煡鐪嬶紝鎴栬€呬娇鐢℅oogle銆傛湁浜涘懡浠ら渶瑕佸厛鐢 yum, apt-get install 鍛戒护瀹夎銆侟/p>

鍩烘湰鍛戒护

浜嗚В鍩烘湰鐨刡ash

閫氳鏁翠釜bash man page.

瀛︿範vim

鍦↙inux绯荤粺涓婏紝铏界劧浣犳湁Emacs鍜孍clipse锛屼絾鏄疺IM浠嶇劧鏄棤鍑哄叾鍙崇殑鍒╁櫒銆侟/p>

浜嗚ВSSH锛屽熀鏈殑鏃犲瘑鐮侀獙璇佹柟寮忋€侟/p>

渚嬪閫氳繃ssh-agent, ssh-add绛夈€ 銆婄伒鐘€蹇楄叮銆嬪钩鏃堕兘浣跨敤濡備笅鑴氭湰瀹屾垚鏃犲瘑鐮侀獙璇侊紝鐪佷簨鐪佸姏銆侟/p>

鎵ц鏂瑰紡

sh nopasswd USER REMOTE_HOST

鎵ц姝よ剼鏈墠锛岃纭锛欬/p>

鏈満涓婂凡鏈堻span style="color: #ff0000;"> id_dsa.pub ,鑻ユ棤锛浣跨敤鍛戒护 ssh-keygen -t dsa 鑾峰緱銆侟/p>

杩滅▼鏈轰笂鐧诲綍鐢ㄦ埛瀹剁洰褰曚笅锛屽凡缁忔湁 .ssh 鏂囦欢澶癸紝鑻ユ棤鍒涘缓涔嬨€侟/p>

$ cat nopasswd #!/bin/shscp ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub $1@$2:~/ssh $1@$2 ” touch ~/.ssh/authorized_keys ; cat ~/id_dsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys; chmod 644聽 ~/.ssh/authorized_keys; exit”

鐔熸倝Bash涓父鐢ㄧ殑浠诲姟绠＄悊鍛戒护

&,Ctrl-Z,Ctrl-C,jobs,fg,bg,kill 绛夈€侟/p>

鍩烘湰鐨勬枃浠剁鐞嗗懡浠｜/p>

ls, ls-l, less, head, tail, tail -f, ln, ln -s, chmod, chown, du, du -sk *, df, mount

鍩烘湰鐨勭綉缁滅鐞嗗懡浠｜/p>

ipconfig, ifconfig, dig

鐔熸倝姝ｅ垯琛ㄨ揪寮忥紝浠ュ強 grep锛宔grep鐢ㄥ埌鐨勯€夐」

-o, -A, -B

杞欢瀹夎鍛戒护浜嗚В

apt-get yum

cat -n

鍙互甯姪鏄剧ず琛屽彿銆侟/p>

涓€浜涜〃杈惧紡

鍐嶆鎵ц涓婁竴鏉″懡浠｜/p>

涓婁竴鏉″懡浠ょ殑鏈€鍚庝竴涓崟璇岦/p>

{a..b}

鎸夌収浠巃鍒癰椤哄簭鐨勪竴涓暟瀛楀垪琛?/p>

{a,b,c}

涓変釜璇峚,b,c. 鍙互杩欐牱浣跨敤 touch /tmp/{foo,bar,baz}

{$1-$9}

鎵цshell鑴氭湰鏃剁殑鍛戒护琛屽弬鏁?/p>

姝ｅ湪鎵ц鐨勫懡浠ゅ悕绉?/p>

褰撳墠鍚姩鐨勫懡浠や腑浼犲叆鐨勫弬鏁颁釜鏁?/p>

涓婁竴鏉″懡浠ょ殑鎵ц杩斿洖鍊笺€侟/p>

璇hell鐨勮繘绋嬪彿銆侟/p>

浠?1寮€濮嬶紝鍚姩璇hell鑴氭湰鐨勬墍鏈夊弬鏁般€侟/p>

鏃ュ父浣跨敤鍛戒护

Ctrl-R

鍦╞ash涓紝 Ctrl-R鐢ㄤ簬鍦ㄥ巻鍙插懡浠や腑鎼滅储Ctrl-W, Ctrl-U, Alt-BackSpace bash涓紝Ctrl-W鍒犻櫎鏈€鍚庝竴涓瘝锛孋trl-U鍒犻櫎鏈€鍚庝竴琛? Alt-BackSpace 鍒犻櫎鍏夋爣鍓嶇殑涓€涓瘝 man readline 涓寘鍚簡澶ч噺bash涓殑榛樿鐑敭缁戝畾.

cd –

杩斿洖鍓嶄竴涓伐浣滆矾寰凕/p>

xargs

闈炲父寮哄ぇ鐨勫懡浠ゃ€傚鏋滀綘杩樹笉纭畾鏄惁鑳芥纭殑鎵ц浠诲姟锛屽彲浠ュ厛鐢▁args echo鏌ョ湅銆備笅闈㈡槸涓€涓敤璇ュ姛鑳界殑渚嬪瓙锛欬/p>

find . -name \*.py | xargs grep some_function cat hosts | xargs -l {} ssh root@{} hostname

parallel

涓€涓洿鍔犲己澶х殑鍛戒护. 鍙互瀹炵幇骞惰鎵ц浠诲姟,骞跺彲浠ュ垎鍓茶緭鍏ユ枃浠? 鎸囧畾澶氫釜鑺傜偣鍚屾椂杩愯鍛戒护绛夊姛鑳?璇︾粏鐨勫姛鑳藉彲浠ュ弬鑰冭繖涓摼鎺?

pstree -p

鎵撶敤杩涚▼鏍戠殑寰楀姏宸ュ叿

pgrep,pkill

浣跨敤鍚嶅瓧鏌ユ壘杩涚▼锛屾垨鑰呯洿鎺ュ悜鎸囧畾鍚嶅瓧鐨勮繘绋嬪彂閫佷俊鍙枫€備簡瑙ｇ敤鎴疯兘鍙戦€佺粰杩涚▼鐨勪竴浜涗俊鍙枫€傛瘮濡 kill -STOP [pid] 锛岃pid杩涚▼鎸傝捣銆侟/p>

nohup锛宒isown,screen, tmux

褰撲綘闇€瑕佸皢杩涚▼姘歌繙澶勫湪鍚庡彴杩愯鏄紝杩欎袱涓懡浠ゅ緢鏈夌敤銆侟/p>

lsof, netstat -lntp

鏌ヨ褰撳墠浠€涔堣繘绋嬪湪鐩戝惉浠€涔堢鍙ｃ€侟/p>

set

鍦╞ash鑴氭湰涓紝浣跨敤set -x鑾峰緱debug杈撳嚭锛屼娇鐢 set -e 鑾峰緱閿欒杈撳嚭銆侟/p>

;

鍒嗗彿鐢ㄤ簬寮€鍚竴涓瓙shell骞惰繍琛岃嚦缁撴潫鍚庡叧闂€ 渚嬪锛欬/p>

#鍦ㄥ綋鍓嶈矾寰勪笅鎵ц涓€浜涘懡浠｜/p>

(cd /some/other/dir; other-command)

# 宸ヤ綔璺緞浠嶇劧鏄綋鍓嶇洰褰旤/p>

浜嗚Вshell涓殑澶氱鍙傛暟琛ㄨ揪寮廃/p>

${name:?error message}

妫€鏌ユ煇涓彉閲忔槸鍚﹀瓨鍦紝鑻ヤ笉瀛樺湪杈撳嚭 error message銆侟/p>

${var%suffix}, ${var#prefix}

杈撳嚭var鍙橀噺闄ゅ墠缂€鎴栬€呭悗缂€澶栫殑閮ㄥ垎銆傚涓嬮潰鐨勪唬鐮佽緭鍑轰负foo.txt.

var = foo.pdf

echo ${var%pdf}.txt

<,>

杈撳叆杈撳嚭閲嶅畾鍚戞搷浣溿€侟/p>

some_command > logfile 2>&1

灏 some_command 杩愯杩囩▼涓殑鏍囧噯杈撳嚭鍜屾爣鍑嗛敊璇緭鍑洪兘杈撳嚭鍒版枃浠秎ogfile涓€侟/p>

man ascii

鑾峰緱涓€涓ソ鐢ㄧ殑ASCII琛ㄦ牸锛屽寘鍚?0杩涘埗鍜?6杩涘埗鐨勫€笺€侟/p>

screen,dtach

鍦ㄨ繙绋媠sh缁樼敾涓紝浣跨敤杩欎袱涓懡浠ゅ彲浠ヤ繚瀛樹綘鐨勪細璇濓紝閬垮厤鍥犱负缃戠粶闂瀵艰嚧涓柇銆侟/p>

curl, curl -l, wget

鍦╳eb椤甸潰璋冭瘯涓紝杩欏嚑涓懡浠よ兘甯綘涓嬭浇缃戦〉浠ｇ爜锛屽緢鏈夌敤銆侟/p>

lynx -dump -stdin

灏咹TML杞崲涓烘枃鏈?/p>

xmlstarlet

闇€瑕佸鐞哫ML鏃讹紝杩欎釜鍛戒护寰堟湁鐢ㄣ€侟/p>

ssh -L, ssh -D

闇€瑕佸埄鐢ㄨ繙绋嬫湇鍔″櫒璁块棶缃戦〉鏃讹紝杩欏懡浠ゅ彲浠ュ府鍔╀綘鍦ㄨ繙绋嬫湇鍔″櫒鍜屼綘鐨勬満鍣ㄤ箣闂村缓绔媠sh 闅ч亾銆侟/p>

ssh杩炴帴浼樺寲

濡備笅閰嶇疆鑳藉府浣犻伩鍏嶉摼鎺ヤ涪澶憋紝涓嶉渶瑕佹瘡娆￠兘杈撳叆yes纭鍜岃繙绋嬫湇鍔″櫒鐨勯摼鎺ワ紝浠ュ強鍦ㄩ摼鎺ヤ腑鍚敤鍘嬬缉銆傚缓璁皢瀹冩斁鍒?ssh/config涓€侟/p>

TCPKeepAlive=yes

ServerAliveInterval=15

ServerAliveCountMax=6

StrictHostKeyChecking=no

Compression=yes

ForwardAgent=yes

鍦ㄦ杈撳叆鐨勫懡浠ゅ墠鍔?

鍛戒护宸茬粡杈撳叆涓€鍗婏紝蹇界劧闂存敼涓绘剰鎯冲皯鏀惰繍琛屾椂锛鍙互浣跨敤 Alt-#鍦ㄥ懡浠ゅ墠鍔犫€?鈥欙紝灏嗘暣涓懡浠ゅ彉鎴愭敞閲娿€傝繖鏍蜂綘绋嶅悗灏辫兘鍦ㄥ懡浠ゅ巻鍙蹭腑鎵惧埌璇ュ懡浠や簡銆侟/p>

cron

鍙互甯姪浣犲埗瀹氫竴浜涘畾鏃舵墽琛岀殑璁″垝浠诲姟銆侟/p>

Ctrl-S Ctrl-C

灏嗕竴涓嶅皬蹇冮渶瑕佸ぇ閲忚緭鍑烘枃鏈椂锛屼緷娆¤緭鍏ヨ繖涓や釜鎿嶄綔锛姣斿崟绾殑棰戠箒鎸塁trl-C鑳芥洿蹇 绋嬪簭缁堟銆侟/p>

鏁版嵁澶勭悊

sort,uniq, uniq -u, uniq -d

浜嗚В杩欎簺鎺掑簭鍛戒护

cut,paste, join

浜嗚В杩欎簺鏂囨湰鏂囦欢鐨勭淮鎶ゅ伐鍏枫€傚緢澶氫汉閮藉湪浣跨敤cut鍚庯紝蹇樿join

浣跨敤sort/uniq杩涜闆嗗悎鐨勪氦銆佸苟銆佽ˉ杩愮畻=

鍋囪a鍜宐鏄袱涓枃鏈枃浠讹紝鍏朵腑鐨勮閮芥槸鍞竴鐨勩€ 濡備笅鍑犱釜鍛戒护鍙互蹇€熺殑瀹炵幇涓€浜涢泦鍚堟搷浣溿€侟/p>

cat a b | sort | uniq > c # c is a union b

cat a b | sort | uniq -d > c # c is a intersect b

cat a b b | sort | uniq -u > c # c is set difference a – b

浣跨敤LC_ALL=C

Linux涓湁鍏砽ocale鐨勮缃細褰卞搷澶ч噺鐨勫懡浠よ宸ュ叿锛屽叾涓寘鎷帓搴忓伐鍏枫€ 澶氭暟瀹夎鐨凩inux绯荤粺閮藉皢LANG鎴栬€呭叾浠栫殑locale榛樿璁剧疆鎴怳S English銆浣嗚繖鍙兘浼氬鑷存帓搴忓強鍏朵粬鍛戒护鎱笂濂藉嚑鍊嶃€傚洜姝xport LCALL=C鑳介伩鍏嶄娇鐢╥18n褰㈠紡澶勭悊鏁版嵁锛屽甫鏉ユ€ц兘鎻愬崌銆侟/p>

awk,sed

杩欎袱涓伐鍏疯兘瀹炵幇澶嶆潅鐨勬暟鎹浛鎹㈠拰淇敼銆侟/p>

渚嬪锛屼笅闈㈢殑鍛戒护瀹炵幇瀵规枃鏈枃浠朵腑浣庝笁鍒楃殑鏁版嵁姹傛€诲拰銆浣跨敤shell瀹屾垚姝よ繍绠楁瘮鐢≒ython蹇?鍊嶃€侟/p>

awk ‘{ x += $3 } END { print x }’

shuf

璇ュ懡浠ゅ彲浠ヤ粠灏嗕竴涓枃浠朵腑鐨勮娣锋礂锛屾垨鑰呬粠涓殢鏈洪€夊嚭涓€浜涜銆侟/p>

sort

浜嗚Вsort鐨勫父鐢ㄩ€夐」(-t锛?k锛 -s锛夊浣曞伐浣溿€ 娉ㄦ剰-k1,1鍙細鎺掑簭绗竴鍒楋紝鑰?k1浼氭牴鎹暣涓鎺掑簭銆 -s鑳藉疄鐜扮ǔ瀹氭帓搴忋€ 渚嬪锛屽厛浣跨敤绗簩涓煙鎺掑簭锛屽啀鎸夌収鍩熶竴鎺掑簭锛屽彲浠ョ敤杩欐鍛戒护瀹炵幇

cat INPUT_FILE | sort -k1,1 | sort -s -k2,2

鍒惰〃绗︾殑杈撳叆

鍦╞ash鐨勫懡浠よ涓紝濡傝嫢闇€瑕佽緭鍏ュ埗琛ㄧ锛屽彲浠ヤ娇鐢 Ctrl-V 鎴栬€ $鈥橽t鈥瀹炵幇

hd,bvi

瀵逛簬浜岃繘鍒舵枃浠讹紝杩欎袱涓懡浠ゅ垎鍒疄鐜?6杩涘埗鎶藉彇锛屼簩杩涘埗缂栬緫鎿嶄綔銆侟/p>

strings,grep

鍙互甯姪鍦ㄤ簩杩涘埗鏂囦欢涓鎵炬枃鏈€侟/p>

iconv,uconv

鍙互甯姪杞崲鏂囨湰缂栫爜

split,csplit

鍒嗗埆鍙互瀹炵幇灏嗘枃浠舵寜鐓уぇ灏忓垎鍓诧紝浠ュ強鎸夌収鐗瑰畾鐨勬ā寮忓垎鍓层€侟/p>

绯荤粺璋冭瘯

iostat,netstat,top,atop,htop,dstat

鍙互甯姪浜嗚В纭洏锛孋PU锛屽唴瀛橈紝缃戠粶鐨勭姸鎬併€ 杩欒兘甯綘瀵圭郴缁熸鍦ㄥ彂鐢熺殑鎯呭喌鏈変釜绗竴璁よ瘑銆侟/p>

free,vmstat

濡傛灉鎯充簡瑙ｅ唴瀛樼殑鐘舵€侊紝杩欎袱涓懡浠ゅ緢閲嶈銆鍏朵腑cached鏄疞inux鍐呮牳涓枃浠剁紦瀛樼殑澶у皬銆侟/p>

kill -3

鍦ㄨ皟璇旿ava绋嬪簭鏃讹紝浣跨敤姝ゅ懡浠わ紝鍙互鍦╯tderr/logs涓壘鍒板畬鏁寸殑stack trace锛鍫嗕俊鎭?鍖呭惈鍨冨溇鏀堕泦鐨勭粏鑺?.

mtr,traceroute

鑳藉甯繖鎵惧埌缃戠粶闂锛屽墠鑰呮瘮traceroute鏇村ソ鐢ㄣ€侟/p>

iftop,nethogs

杩欎袱涓懡浠ゅ彲浠ュ姙鍒氭壘鍑哄摢涓鍙ｆ垨鑰呰繘绋嬪崰鐢ㄤ簡澶氬皯缃戠粶甯﹀銆侟/p>

ab,siege

杩欎釜Apache鑷甫鐨勫伐鍏疯兘甯姪蹇€熸鏌eb鏈嶅姟鍣ㄧ殑鎬ц兘銆侟/p>

wireshark,tshark

鏄繘琛屾洿楂樼骇鐨勭綉缁滆皟璇曠殑寰楀姏宸ュ叿銆侟/p>

strace,ltrace

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ldd

妫€鏌ュ叡浜簱鐨勬儏鍐袋/p>

gdb

浜嗚В濡備綍鍒╃敤GDB杩炴帴鍒颁竴涓鍦ㄨ繍琛岀殑杩涚▼锛屽苟涓斿緱鍒板叾stack trace銆侟/p>

/proc/

鍦ㄥ仛鐜板満璋冭瘯鐨勬椂鍊欏緢鏈夌敤銆傛瘮濡 /proc/cpuinfo, /proc/XXX/cwd, /proc/XXX/exe, /proc/XXX/fd/, /proc/XXX/smaps

sar

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stap, perf

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dmesg

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